What is Rectal Cancer?
Rectal cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the rectum, which is the last several inches of the large intestine (colon). It usually begins as small growths called polyps that can become cancerous over time.
Rectal cancer can spread to nearby lymph nodes and other organs if not detected and treated early.
Side Effects of Rectal Cancer
The symptoms and side effects of rectal cancer can vary depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Common signs may include:
- Rectal bleeding: Blood in the stool or bleeding from the rectum.
- Changes in bowel habits: Such as diarrhea, constipation, or a feeling of incomplete bowel movements.
- Abdominal discomfort: Persistent pain, cramping, or a feeling of fullness.
- Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without trying.
- Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak.
It's essential for patients to communicate any unusual symptoms to their healthcare providers promptly.
How is Rectal Cancer Diagnosed?
Diagnosing rectal cancer typically involves several steps, which may include:
- Physical Examination: Including a digital rectal exam to check for abnormalities.
- Imaging Tests: Such as CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans to visualize the rectum and surrounding areas.
- Biopsy: A tissue sample (biopsy) is taken during a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
- Staging: Determining the stage of the cancer (extent of spread) through imaging and sometimes surgical exploration.
Potential Treatments for Rectal Cancer
The treatment for rectal cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment options may include:
- Surgery: The main treatment for rectal cancer involves surgical removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue. Techniques such as minimally invasive surgery or robotic surgery may be used.
- Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells or stop their growth. Chemotherapy may be given before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) to shrink the tumor or after surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy) to kill any remaining cancer cells.
- Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays are used to target and destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy (chemoradiation).
- Targeted Therapy: Drugs that target specific abnormalities within cancer cells may be used in some cases.
- Clinical Trials: Patients may have the option to participate in clinical trials testing new treatments or combinations of treatments.
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